Hyvä kävijä,Ota rento asento ja sukella Chilien maistuvaan maailmaan! Foorumilta löydät maailman laajimman tietopaketin lähtien chilin kotikasvatuksesta päätyen chilin jalostamiseen upeiksi ruoiksi ja mausteiksi.Tervetuloa!
Chapter 8 - Plant Culture in Hydroponics - Wade L. berry and Sharon KnightSystem Components:All pipework and ancillary fittings (valves, connectors, etc.) should be made of plastic. Metal fittings, such as brass and copper, will contribute significant and potentially toxic amounts of zinc and copper to the solution. Stainless steel or plastic-bodied pumps of the self-priming type should be used in hydroponic systems.
As elsewhere in Bolivia, llajwa hot sauce is indispensable on the menu in Apillapampa. It is typically prepared by grinding the fruits of the cultivated Capsicum pubescens and mixing them with water and salt (cf. Ulloa, 2006). When available, tomatoes or tree tomatoes (Solanum betaceum) are added, as are the leaves of Porophyllum ruderale. The fruits of the wild Capsicum eximium bush are highly esteemed as an alternative for C. pubescens. Its small fruits are extremely hot, a characteristic people seem to love since they are fonder of these than of those of C. pubescens. However, C. eximium is restricted to altitudes lower than the village centre, which explains why its use is rather limited in Apillapampa. Participants declared that people living at lower altitudes often cultivate C. eximium instead of C. pubescens.
People in TIPNIS occasionally eat a hot sauce (llajwa) to accompany their meal. Various cultivated Capsicum species (C. pubescens, C. chinense, C. chacoense, C. frutescens) can be used in its preparation (cf. Ulloa, 2006), whereas one extremely hot wild species C. coccineum is also harvested sporadically for this purpose. Among Trinitarios, llajwa can be prepared by grinding Capsicum fruits, together with tree tomato fruits (Solanum exiguum and Solanum sp. 3 (ET1455)). Otherwise they are simply mixed with water and salt. The aromatic leaves of Porophyllum ruderale are added occasionally, but we suspect that this represents a cultural loan from the colonizing Quechua highland farmers with whom Yuracarés and Trinitarios share their habitat nowadays.
There have been several reports on the effects of various photoperiods on flowering in Capsicum annuum, but few on such effects on other species of the genus Capsicum. In this study, the flowering under various photoperiods of two C. frutescens lines from the Bonin and Ryukyu Islands in Japan and C. annuum cv. ‘Takanotsume’ (referred as BON, RYU, and TK, respectively) was investigated. The main differences in flowering between C. frutescens and C. annuum were evident under long-day photoperiods. TK plants grown under photoperiods longer than 15 h bore flowers normally, whereas BON and RYU plants grown under the same conditions did not bear flowers at first, because their buds failed to grow, and eventually aborted. BON plants bore flowers under a 24-h photoperiod, although the time to flowering was much longer than that for TK plants, but RYU plants exposed to photoperiods longer than 14 h bore no flowers during the entire experimental period. Therefore, long-day photoperiods strongly inhibit C. frutescens flower bud growth, and there are interspecific differences in flowering between C. frutescens and C. annuum and intraspecific differences in flowering between the two C. frutescens genotypes.
Six manzano hot chile pepper landraces (Capsicum pubescens R & P) were evaluated to identify genotypes which might contribute toward obtaining superior hybrids by providing the following characteristics: low height, short internodes, rapid biomass accumulation, high harvest index, high fruit quality, and high photosynthetic rate. The landraces studied were `Chiapas', `Huatusco I', `Huatusco II', `Perú', `Puebla', and `Zongolica'. Plants were grown in a shaded glasshouse for 9 months, with drip irrigation. Growth, biomass distribution, fruit quality and yield were determined. All varieties exhibited advantageous characteristics, i.e., large fruit (60 mL) with thick pericarp (4.2 mm) in `Puebla'; short internodes (10 cm) in `Zongolica' and `Huatusco II'; high harvest index (0.24), high yield (18 to 19 t·ha−1) and high relative growth rates (0.12 g·g−1·d−1) in `Perú' and `Puebla'; and high dry mass accumulation (450 g/plant) in `Chiapas'. The highest photosynthesis rate in manzano hot pepper was 7.7 μmol of CO2/m2/s at 500 μmol photons/m2/s, in `Zongolica' and `Puebla'.
The effect of solar radiation on germination and development of apple chili (Capsicum pubescens RyP) with six levels of shading (35%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%) and a witness with 0% shade. Was evaluated In terms of its effect on the intensive production of seedling of this species. The evaluated variables were: Percentage of emergence, number of leaves, stem diameter, size of seedling, weight of fresh root and weight of fresh foliage. The experiment in a compound macro tunnel metal structure covered with polyethylene thermal and side windows set retracting protected with antiaphidos mesh located in the municipality of Amealco, Qro. Mexico. The experimental design was randomized block with four replicates per treatment. Analysis of variance was Fisher and test averages Tukey. The experiment started on September 3er and ended on November 8th 2007. Sampling was conducted on November 8th 2007; five out of 30 were sampled randomly per treatment. Germination at the 100% shade smaller than the other treatment including the emergence in the control shading. The best treatment was 80% level of shade. The development of seedlings in the control was affected by solar radiation causing minor burns on their foliage. Treatments with shading levels of 35% and 90%, were acceptable, whereas the best treatments were these at 50%, 70%, 80%, the latter being the best.
Para el Jardín Botánico de Bogotá es crucial la divulgación del conocimiento generado sobre la conservación y uso sostenible de las especies vegetales nativas. Este material, presenta metodologías de propagación vegetal, una herramienta importante en las estrategias de conservación florística y en los procesos productivos agrícolas. Ofrece información práctica para la propagación de cuarenta especies vegetales mediante sistemas tradicionales y veinticuatro bajo condiciones de laboratorio, por medio de la técnica de cultivo de tejidos vegetales. Esta publicación es parte de los resultados obtenidos por diferentes investigadores del componente de propagación del proyecto Uso sostenible de los recursos vegetales del Distrito Capital y la región, en los años 2004 a 2007.
‘No.80’ (Capsicum chinense) from the Caribbean is a valuable genetic source from the aspect of its non-pungent and highly aromatic traits. In the present study, the non-pungency, volatile components, and phylogenetic origin of ‘No.80’ were analyzed with another C. chinense cultivar, ‘No.2’ from Brazil, which is also non-pungent but less aromatic. Expressions and deduced amino acid sequences of acyltransferase (Pun1) of ‘No.80’ and ‘No.2’ were normal compared with a pungent cultivar, ‘Habanero’. Insertions of 7-bp and 8-bp resulting in frameshift mutations were found in the coding regions of putative aminotransferase (p-AMT) of ‘No.80’ and ‘No.2’, respectively. Co-segregation of these insertions with the non-pungent phenotypes in F1 and F2 populations obtained from crossing ‘No.80’ or ‘No.2’ with ‘Habanero’ suggested that non-pungency in these cultivars arose from genetic mutations of p-AMT that occurred independently. Moreover, molecular phylogenetic analysis suggested that ‘No.80’, a close relative of ‘No.2’, originates from capsicums migrated from the South American mainland. In addition to pungency, we assessed the volatile components of the highly aromatic ‘No.80’, the less aromatic ‘No.2’, and their F1 hybrid using gas chromatography. ‘No.80’ contained higher levels of aroma-contributing volatiles than ‘No.2’, which correlated with the stronger and weaker aromas of two cultivars. Further, the fruit of F1 progenies emitted a number of volatile compounds between or higher than their corresponding parents. Based on these results, the approaches for breeding highly aromatic non-pungent cultivars are discussed.
Treating the leaves of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum) with an aqueous solution of cellulase resulted in a four-fold increase in the salicylic acid level compared to a control plant. The level of endogenous azelaic acid was also elevated by the cellulase treatment. Azelaic acid has recently been reported to act as a mobile “priming” agent to arm plants against pathogenic attack. Our results are consistent with this and that the cellulase treatment enhanced the ability of sweet pepper to withstand viral attack.
Dry mass production and leaf area in relation to leaf injury and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were evaluated for eggplant (Solarium melongena L.) and pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seed-lings grown in continuous light at different intensities with metalhalide and high-pressure sodium lamps.Continuous light-induced leaf injury occurred in eggplants even at 50μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD. When the 2nd leaf unfolded under daily 12h light-12h dark cycle, the eggplants were transferred to three levels of light intensity; 100 (low), 250 (medium), 480 (high) μmol m-2 s-1. After 8days, the SOD activity in the 3rd leaves showing no leaf injury at low light intensity was higher than that showing chlorosis or necrosis at high light intensity. However, after 16 days when the seedlings grown at low light intensity developed leaf-necrosis, SOD activities decreased to a low level, similar to those at medium and high light intensities. SOD activity increased gradually with time under continuous light up to the point of leaf injury, and decreased rapidly thereafter. These results suggest that the superoxide radical is associated with leaf injury.In contrast, pepper plants grew vigorously without any leaf injury, and the dry weight was the highest at a light intensity of 300-400 μmol m-2 s-1 and the largest leaf area at 150-200 μmol m-2 s-1. SOD activity in pepper plants was relatively lower and more stable compared to that of eggplants, and the pepper plants also seemingly well adapted to continuous light at an optimum intensity of 300 μmol m-2 s-1 for dry mass production in a closed environmental system.
Germination requirements were studied on the Bolivian pepper, ‘No. 3341’ (Capsicum chinense) seeds.The soaked seeds did not germinate, when they were held at the constant temperature of 30°C. Inserting the temperature treatment of 15°C for 24 hr 7 days after the start of soaking the seeds, resulted in quick and high rate of germination. Temperature treatments of 25°C for 8 hr 7 days after, or of 15°C for 24 hr 1 day after the start of soaking the seeds, were also effective to some extent.Illuminating the soaked seeds held at the constant temperature of 30°C, resulted in germination of nearly half the seeds. The ‘No. 3341’ seeds were thus recognized to be light germinators. Repeated alternations of temperature effected the seed germination in the dark.GA3 (gibberellic acid) treatment at 50 ppm was effective to promote the seed germination irrespective of illumination. GA3treatments at concentrations other than 50 ppm, however, effected the seed germination only when accompanied by illumination. GA3treatment at 100 or 250 ppm in the dark resulted in inhibition of the seed germination.
The seed germination characteristics of Capsicum frutescens from the Ryukyu Islands were studied. Constant temperatures and darkness conditions inhibited seed germination in Ryukyu Islands' C. frutescens, whereas fluctuating temperatures and light irradiation accelerated germination, suggesting the presence of dormancy in these seeds. This dormancy was considered to be weak because the seeds could germinate at constant temperatures and under continuous darkness. Therefore, C. frutescens from the Ryukyu Islands could be at an intermediate stage between wild and domesticated forms. Since it was revealed that the seeds of C. frutescens from the Ryukyu Islands displayed dormancy, seed dormancy of C. frutescens obtained from Southeast Asia was studied. Among 72 accessions, 47 failed to show dormancy and germinated very rapidly; in these accessions, plant organs were larger than those in other Southeast Asian accessions. On the other hand, the seeds of the other 25 accessions from Southeast Asia showed a weedier character, including some dormancy and smaller plant organs. Accessions of C. frutescens from Southeast Asia thus appeared to be at various stages of domestication, suggesting that the domestication process had already stabilized under low selection pressure and the tropical climatic conditions of Southeast Asia. The various accessions of C. frutescens in Southeast Asia ranging from fully domesticated to weedier forms are very useful for breeding and horticulture as genetic resources.
The results showed that irradiation of B-UV at night significantly inhibited plant height and total leaf area in two species. However, it caused seedling injuries such as leaf necrosis and bloomlessness regardless of irradiation timing. While irradiation of F-UV did not cause any seedling injury regardless of irradiation timing, it significantly inhibited plant height by 25.4% in pepper and by 26.1% in tomato. Our results suggest that irradiation of F-UV at night may be desirable to control excessive stem elongation in plug-transplants during summer, in addition to being safe to the grower.
The present investigation summarises breeding and meiotic behaviour of normal and an asynaptic mutant of variety KL-1 of Capsicum annuum L. Morphological and pollination experiments reveal this variety to be dependent on insects for successful fruit set. Sixtysix percent fruit was set on open pollination. Asynaptic mutant isolated in this variety resembled the normal plants in plant and floral morphology, but did not set any fruit both on open pollination or when allowed to autoself. This lack of fruit set has been attributed to asynapsis induced sterility both in female and male tracks.
Jottain jännempää sattui eteen Supermarket commercial, Peru
Supermarket commercial, Peru
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